What term refers to the process of legally determining the guilt or innocence of a defendant?

The term that refers to the process of legally determining the guilt or innocence of a defendant is "trial." A trial is a formal judicial examination where evidence is presented, witnesses may be called, and a jury or judge ultimately evaluates the information to reach a verdict. This critical phase of the criminal justice process serves to uphold the right to a fair hearing, ensuring that both the prosecution and defense have the opportunity to present their cases.

In contrast, arraignment is a preliminary court proceeding where an accused person is formally charged and asked to enter a plea. Exoneration occurs when a previously convicted individual is declared not guilty, often after new evidence arises that proves their innocence, which is not part of the trial process. Sentencing follows a trial where a defendant has been found guilty, and it involves the imposition of a penalty or punishment for the crime committed. Thus, a trial is the stage devoted specifically to determining if someone is guilty or innocent.